home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- $Unique_ID{BRK03743}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Filariasis}
- $Subject{Filariasis Wuchereriasis Filarial Elephantiasis Bancroftian
- Filariasis Filariasis Malayi Filariasis not caused by Wuchereria Bancrofti or
- Brugia Malayi Tropical Eosinphilia}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 116:
- Filariasis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Filariasis) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate
- names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Wuchereriasis
- Filarial Elephantiasis
-
- DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
-
- Bancroftian Filariasis
- Filariasis Malayi
- Filariasis not caused by Wuchereria Bancrofti or Brugia Malayi
- Tropical Eosinphilia
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section.
-
-
- Filariasis usually refers to disease caused by either the Wuchereria
- Bancrofti or Brugia Malayi worms and marked by features of lymphadenopathy
- including inflammation, swelling, and, if untreated and repeatedly reinfected
- over a long period of time, elephantiasis, especially in the legs and genital
- regions.
-
- Filariasis is common in the Asian and Polynesian tropics. In North
- America, filariasis is very rare, occurring only in people who have travelled
- or lived in these areas. The infection is transmitted by several tropical
- mosquito species, which ingest the larval parasite from one host and
- subsequently bite and inoculate a new host with it. The larvae, known as
- microfilariae, make their way to the lymphatics, where they reach their adult
- stage and begin producing more microfilariae. Disease is primarily a
- reaction to adult worms, not to the microfilariae. Some cases of filarial
- infection are asymptomatic. The prognosis is good.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms and signs of Filariasis vary with the severity of the infection.
- The adult worms, lodged in the lymphatics, together with the surrounding
- inflammation and fibrosis, cause progressive obstruction of the lymph
- vessels. Symptoms, when present, may include fatigue, a sense of heaviness,
- general malaise, chills, vertigo, headache, photophobia, vomiting, and limb
- pain.
-
- Other clinical manifestations include swelling and redness of the limbs,
- inflammation of lymph nodes and vessels, testicles, spermatic cord, and
- epididymus, varicose lymph vessels, edema, hypertrophy of skin and
- subcutaneous tissues, the presence of chyle in the urine, and fever. As the
- obstruction of the lymphatics progresses, edema becomes chronic, and there
- may be marked enlargement of the scrotum, vulva, legs, and breasts, i.e.,
- elephantiasis. Abscesses or calcifications surrounding adult worms which
- have died and lost their immunologic "disguise" may develop, particularly in
- the pelvis, kidneys, or inguinal lymph nodes.
-
- Microfilariae can be detected in the tissues, including the skin, which
- is useful for diagnostic purposes. They also usually are found in the blood.
- There is moderate eosinophilia.
-
- Tropical eosinophilia is a variant of filariasis in which there are
- hypereosinophilia, high antifilarial antibody titres, and microfilariae in
- the tissues but not in the blood. Clinical manifestations of this form of
- filariasis comprise enlargement of the lymph nodes and spleen, and sometimes,
- chest infiltrates, cough, and bronchospasm.
-
- Causes
-
- The pathogenic worms which cause Filariasis are Wuchereria Bancrofti in
- Polynesia, and Brugia Malayi in Asia, including east of the Indian
- subcontinent. As described previously, mosquitos vector the disease.
- Symptoms result primarily from inflammatory reactions to the adult worms;
- possibly, hypersensitive reactions to the microfilaria also develop.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- The term "filariasis" in this article has been used in its narrower sense. In
- its broad sense, filariasis refers to a group of parasitic diseases caused by
- various species of filarial nematodes. Examples of these diseases include
- acanthocheilonemiasis, mumu, loiasis (Calabar swellings), dirofilariasis
- (human infection by dog heartworm), and onchocerciasis (river blindness). All
- of these except dirofilariasis can be acquired only in the tropics, where
- they are common, but are extremely rare in temperate climates.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- In the tropics, mosquito control is an important part of treatment and
- prophylaxis. Generally, Filariasis is self limited unless reinfections
- occur. Thus some cases, especially those imported to temperate regions, where
- there is no danger of spreading the disease due to the absence of suitable
- vector mosquitos, may be left untreated. In severe cases, however, treatment
- may be directed at the elimination of the microfilariae and adult worms.
- Diethylcarbamazine, the most effective drug in use, removes microfilariae and
- kills or impairs the reproductive capacity of the adult worms. A somewhat
- less effective drug, levamisole, has also been investigated. The elimination
- of adult worms must be undertaken with care because they can provoke
- dangerous allergic reactions and cause abscess formation when they are dead.
- These side effects can be controlled by antihistamines or corticosteroids.
-
- Adult worms, their remains, or calcifications developing around them, may
- be removed surgically if necessary.
-
- Surgery alleviates elephantiasis of certain structures such as the
- scrotum. Treatment of elephantiasis of the legs usually consists of elevation
- and support from elastic stockings.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Filariasis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- International Filariasis Association
- Department of Helminthology
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- Heppel Street
- London WC1 E 7HT
- England
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road, NE
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 639-3534
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- References
-
- Brown, KR, Phillips, SM. Tropical diseases of importance to the traveler.
- ADV INTERN MED (1984) 29:59-84.
-
- Campbell, WC. Efficacy of the vermectins against filarial parasites: a
- short review. VET RES COMMUN (1982 May) 5(3):251-62.
-
- Goodwin, LG. Recent advances in research on filariasis. Chemotherapy.
- TRANS R SOC TROP MED HYG (1984) 78 suppl:1-8.
-
- Hawking, F. Diethylcarbamazine and new compounds for the treatment of
- filariasis. ADV PHARMACOL CHEMOTHER (1979) 16:129-94.
-
- Miller, M.J. Use of levamisole in parasitic infections. DRUGS (1980 Aug)
- 20(2):122-30.
-
- Spry, CJ, Kumaraswami, V. Tropical eosinophilia. SEMIN HEMATOL (1982
- Apr) 19(2):107-15.
-
-